内容概述
一个数若等于其真因子之和称为完全数,大于真因子之和称为亏数,小于真因子之和称为盈数。故事从 6 与 8 的宗教寓言出发,介绍欧几里得公式、欧拉关于偶完全数的定理、计算机时代的发现,以及奇完全数猜想、奇盈数等数论话题。
中文正文
54° 盈数、亏数和完全数
还有些数也与命运有着神秘而根本的联系,它们有时也被归功于毕达哥拉斯,那就是所谓的完全数、亏数和盈数。一个数,假如等于其真因子之和,它就是完全的;假如大于其真因子之和,它就是亏的;假如小于其真因子之和,它就是盈的。因此,上帝用六天时间来创造世界,因为 6 是完全数,6 = 1 + 2 + 3。另一方面,正如阿尔昆(Alcuin,735~804)说的,所有的人都来自诺亚方舟的 8 个灵魂,这第二次创生不够完美,因为 8 大于 1 + 2 + 4,是亏的。这就解释了为什么我们今天的世界存在那么多的疾病。
1952 年时,我们才知道 12 个完全数,都是偶数,前 3 个是 6,28 和 496。欧几里得《原本》(约公元前 300 年)第 9 卷最后一个命题证明,假如 2ⁿ − 1 是素数,那么 2ⁿ⁻¹(2ⁿ − 1)是完全数。欧几里得公式给的完全数是偶数,而欧拉证明所有偶完全数一定具有这样的形式。是否存在奇完全数,依然是数论中著名的未解难题。假如有的话,那种数肯定不会少于 20 位。¹
1952 年,在 SWAC 数字计算机的帮助下,发现了另外 5 个欧几里得形式的完全数,对应于 n = 521,607,1279,2203 和 2281。1957 年,瑞典 BESK 计算机发现了 n = 3217;1961 年,IBM7090 发现了 n = 4253 和 4423。再没有别的 n < 5000 的完全数了。
n = 9689,9941 和 11213 也得出完全数,将已知的完全数扩充到 23 个。n = 11213 的完全数是 1963 年在伊利诺斯大学发现的。这是一个 6751 位的大数,有 22 425 个因子。伊利诺斯大学数学系为发现这个当时最大的完全数而感到骄傲,甚至在他们的信封盖上长方形邮戳:“2¹¹²¹³ − 1 是素数。”
更大的完全数一个接着一个被发现,证明巴娄(Peter Barlow)当年的话是多么荒谬。他在 1811 年的《数论》中,就第九个完全数(相应于 n = 61)说:“这是可能发现的最大的完全数了,因为,它们除了好奇没有别的作用,恐怕不会再有人想去找比它更大的了。”
从 10 到 100 间,只有 21 个盈数,都是偶数。但并非所有盈数都是偶数,实际上,很容易证明 945 = 3³ · 5 · 7 是盈数,这是第一个、也是 1000 以内的惟一一个奇盈数。
¹ 2005 年 2 月 18 日,德国的眼科医生 Martin Nowak 发现了目前最大的素数:2³⁰⁴⁰²⁴⁵⁷ − 1,有 7 816 230 位,它当然对应着一个“天大的”完全数。
英文正文
54° Deficient, perfect, and abundant numbers. Other numbers having mystical connections essential to numerological speculations, and sometimes ascribed to the Pythagoreans, are the perfect, deficient, and abundant numbers. A number is perfect if it is the sum of its proper divisors, deficient if it exceeds the sum of its proper divisors, and abundant if it is less than the sum of its proper divisors. So God created the world in six days, a perfect number, since 6 = 1 + 2 + 3. On the other hand, as Alcuin (735–804) observed, the whole human race descended from the eight souls of Noah's ark, and this second creation was imperfect, for 8, being greater than 1 + 2 + 4, is deficient. And thus we account for the many ills of our present world.
Until 1952 there were only twelve known perfect numbers, all of them even numbers, of which the first three are 6, 28, and 496. The last proposition of the ninth book of Euclid's Elements (ca. 300 B.C.) proves that if 2ⁿ − 1 is a prime number, then 2ⁿ⁻¹(2ⁿ − 1) is a perfect number. The perfect numbers given by Euclid's formula are even numbers, and Euler has shown that every even perfect number must be of this form. The existence or nonexistence of odd perfect numbers is one of the celebrated unsolved problems in number theory. There certainly is no number of this type having less than thirty-six digits.
In 1952, with the aid of the SWAC digital computer, five more perfect numbers were discovered, corresponding to n = 521, 607, 1279, 2203, and 2281 in Euclid's formula. In 1957 the Swedish machine BESK found another, corresponding to n = 3217, and in 1961 an IBM 7090 found two more, for n = 4253 and 4423. There are no other perfect numbers for n < 5000.
The values n = 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937 also yield perfect numbers, bringing the list of known perfect numbers to 24. The perfect number corresponding to n = 11,213 was found in 1963 at the University of Illinois. This very large number consists of 6751 digits and has 22,425 divisors. The University of Illinois mathematics department has been so proud of the discovery of this large perfect number that its postage meter has been stamping on envelopes a rectangle bearing the statement, "2¹¹²¹³ − 1 is prime."
The pursuit of larger and larger perfect numbers shows how wrong was Peter Barlow who, in his Theory of Numbers of 1811, wrote about the ninth perfect number (corresponding to n = 61): "It is the greatest that will be discovered, for, as they are merely curious without being useful, it is not likely that any person will attempt to find one beyond it."
There are only twenty-one abundant numbers between 10 and 100, and these are all even. That all abundant numbers are not even follows from the easily established fact that 945 = 3³ · 5 · 7 is abundant. This is the first odd abundant number, and the only odd abundant number not exceeding 1000.
英语学习拓展
常用词汇
deficient音标/dɪˈfɪʃnt/
亏的;不足的。
原文用法:the perfect, deficient, and abundant numbers.
perfect音标/ˈpɜːfɪkt/
完全的;完美的。
原文用法:同上。
abundant音标/əˈbʌndənt/
盈的;丰富的。
原文用法:同上。
numerological音标/ˌnjuːmərəˈlɒdʒɪkl/
数字神秘主义的。
原文用法:mystical connections essential to numerological speculations.
speculation音标/ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/
推测;思辨。
原文用法:同上。
ascribe音标/əˈskraɪb/
把……归于。
原文用法:sometimes ascribed to the Pythagoreans.
proper divisor音标/ˌprɒpə dɪˈvaɪzə(r)/
真因子。
原文用法:the sum of its proper divisors.
imperfect音标/ɪmˈpɜːfɪkt/
不完美的。
原文用法:this second creation was imperfect.
account for:解释。原文用法:And thus we account for the many ills of our present world.
ills音标/ɪlz/
弊病;苦难。
原文用法:同上。
proposition音标/ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn/
命题。
原文用法:The last proposition of the ninth book of Euclid's Elements...
prime number音标/ˈpraɪm ˈnʌmbə(r)/
素数。
原文用法:if 2ⁿ − 1 is a prime number.
formula音标/ˈfɔːmjələ/
公式。
原文用法:Euclid's formula.
existence音标/ɪɡˈzɪstəns/
存在。
原文用法:The existence or nonexistence of odd perfect numbers...
nonexistence音标/ˌnɒnɪɡˈzɪstəns/
不存在。
原文用法:同上。
celebrated音标/ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/
著名的。
原文用法:one of the celebrated unsolved problems.
unsolved音标/ˌʌnˈsɒlvd/
未解决的。
原文用法:同上。
digital computer音标/ˈdɪdʒɪtl kəmˈpjuːtə(r)/
数字计算机。
原文用法:with the aid of the SWAC digital computer.
yield音标/jiːld/
产生;得出。
原文用法:The values n = 9689, 9941, 11213, 19937 also yield perfect numbers.
postage meter音标/ˈpəʊstɪdʒ ˈmiːtə(r)/
邮资机。
原文用法:its postage meter has been stamping on envelopes.
rectangle音标/ˈrektæŋɡl/
长方形。
原文用法:a rectangle bearing the statement.
statement音标/ˈsteɪtmənt/
声明;陈述。
原文用法:同上。
pursuit音标/pəˈsjuːt/
追求。
原文用法:The pursuit of larger and larger perfect numbers.
theory音标/ˈθɪəri/
理论;学说。
原文用法:his Theory of Numbers of 1811.
odd音标/ɒd/
奇的。
原文用法:the first odd abundant number.
even音标/ˈiːvn/
偶的。
原文用法:these are all even.
established音标/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/
已确立的。
原文用法:the easily established fact.
同义词与近义词
对应核心词汇:perfect
对应核心词汇:perfect。
辨析:perfect 指数学上的“完全数”,也可指完美;complete 指完整无缺。
对应核心词汇:deficient
对应核心词汇:deficient。
辨析:deficient 指数学“亏的”或“不足的”;lacking 泛指缺少;insufficient 强调不够充分。
对应核心词汇:abundant
对应核心词汇:abundant。
辨析:abundant 指数学“盈的”或“丰富的”;excessive 强调过度;plentiful 强调大量。
对应核心词汇:ascribe
对应核心词汇:ascribe。
辨析:ascribe 较正式,常接 to;attribute 更常用。
对应核心词汇:proposition
对应核心词汇:proposition。
辨析:proposition 在欧几里得《原本》中指“命题”;theorem 是一般意义上的定理。
对应核心词汇:yield
对应核心词汇:yield。
辨析:yield 在数学语境中表示“产生(结果)”;produce 泛指生产;give 更口语。
常用短语与固定搭配
- deficient, perfect, and abundant numbers:亏数、完全数和盈数。原文用法:the perfect, deficient, and abundant numbers.
- proper divisors:真因子。原文用法:the sum of its proper divisors.
- numerological speculations:数字神秘主义推测。原文用法:mystical connections essential to numerological speculations.
- ascribed to:归于。原文用法:sometimes ascribed to the Pythagoreans.
- account for:解释。原文用法:And thus we account for the many ills of our present world.
- perfect number:完全数。原文用法:a perfect number.
- prime number:素数。原文用法:if 2ⁿ − 1 is a prime number.
- Euclid's formula:欧几里得公式。原文用法:in Euclid's formula.
- existence or nonexistence:存在或不存在。原文用法:The existence or nonexistence of odd perfect numbers.
- unsolved problem:未解问题。原文用法:one of the celebrated unsolved problems in number theory.
- digital computer:数字计算机。原文用法:with the aid of the SWAC digital computer.
- correspond to:对应于。原文用法:corresponding to n = 521, 607, 1279, 2203, and 2281.
- bring the list to:把列表扩充到。原文用法:bringing the list of known perfect numbers to 24.
- postage meter:邮资机。原文用法:its postage meter has been stamping on envelopes.
- stamp on envelopes:盖在信封上。原文用法:同上。
- the pursuit of:对……的追求。原文用法:The pursuit of larger and larger perfect numbers.
- easily established:容易证明的。原文用法:the easily established fact.
- odd abundant number:奇盈数。原文用法:the first odd abundant number.
常用句式
- Pattern: A is X if ..., Y if ..., and Z if ...:A 在什么情况下是 X、Y、Z。原文例句:A number is perfect if it is the sum of its proper divisors, deficient if it exceeds the sum of its proper divisors, and abundant if it is less than the sum of its proper divisors.
- Pattern: There is no ... for ...:对于……不存在……。原文例句:There are no other perfect numbers for n < 5000.
- Pattern: so ... that ...:如此……以至于……。原文例句:The University of Illinois mathematics department has been so proud of the discovery of this large perfect number that its postage meter has been stamping on envelopes a rectangle bearing the statement...
长难句解析
The University of Illinois mathematics department has been so proud of the discovery of this large perfect number that its postage meter has been stamping on envelopes a rectangle bearing the statement, "2¹¹²¹³ − 1 is prime."
- 主干:The mathematics department has been so proud that its postage meter has been stamping a rectangle.
- 修饰与从句:
- so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句; - of the discovery of this large perfect number 为介词短语,说明骄傲的原因; - on envelopes 为地点状语; - a rectangle bearing the statement 为宾语补足语; - bearing the statement 为现在分词短语,修饰 rectangle; - 引号内为 statement 的同位语。
- 逻辑关系:由于发现巨大完全数而非常自豪,以至于数学系用邮资机在信封上盖印纪念性文字。
语言使用特点
- 定义句式采用排比结构,逻辑清晰;
- 历史叙述按时间顺序展开,使用过去时与完成时;
- 用 so ... that ... 表达夸张结果;
- 大数字表达规范,注意英文千位逗号、数学符号与中文译本差异。
迁移练习
- 把 12、28、35 分别归类为完全数、亏数或盈数。
- 解释为什么 945 是一个奇盈数。
- 翻译:1952 年,在 SWAC 数字计算机的帮助下,又发现了 5 个完全数。
点击展开参考答案
- (示例)12 is abundant because 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 = 16 > 12. 28 is perfect because 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28. 35 is deficient because 1 + 5 + 7 = 13 < 35.
- (示例)945 = 3³ · 5 · 7 is abundant because the sum of its proper divisors is greater than 945. It is odd and the only odd abundant number not exceeding 1000.
- In 1952, with the aid of the SWAC digital computer, five more perfect numbers were discovered.