内容概述
本故事介绍古老的"三率法则"(rule of three,亦译"三数法则"):它由三个已知数求出第四个比例数,是近代以前商业算术的核心内容,长期被视为算术课程的顶峰。故事以一个藏红花(saffron)计价的具体例题,演示如何运用该法则列比例、求第四比例项,并点明其本质就是解一个简单的一元一次比例方程。
中文正文
93° 三率法则
三率法则,是那条古老而著名的算术法则,之所以这样称呼,是因为它告诉我们怎样由三个已知数求出第四个比例数。好几个世纪里,它一直是算术课程的顶峰,也是每一位算学先生的骄傲。"三率"之名,就来自所给出的三个数。它的现代形式,不过是一个简单比例的解法。
一本古老的教科书这样出题:"若 1 磅藏红花值 3 先令,那么 2 磅值多少?"这里三个已知数是 1、3 和 2,我们要求的是第四个数。按照法则,把第二个数与第三个数相乘,再除以第一个数:(3 × 2) ÷ 1 = 6,答案是 6 先令。
更一般地说,若三个已知数为 a、b、c,要求 x 使 a:b = c:x,则 x = bc/a。这正是一个正比例问题。
英文正文
93° The rule of three.
The rule of three, that ancient and celebrated rule of arithmetic, is so called because it shows how, from three given numbers, to find a fourth proportional. For centuries it was the climax of the arithmetic course and the pride of every reckoning master. The name "rule of three" comes simply from the three numbers given. Its modern form is just the solution of a simple proportion.
An old textbook posed the matter thus: "If 1 pound of saffron be worth 3 shillings, what are 2 pounds worth?" Here the three given numbers are 1, 3, and 2; and we seek the fourth. By the rule, multiply the second and third, and divide by the first: (3 × 2) / 1 = 6 shillings.
More generally, if the three given numbers are a, b, c, and we wish to find x so that a : b = c : x, then x = bc / a. This is precisely a problem in direct proportion.
英语学习拓展
常用词汇
rule音标/ruːl/
法则,规则。
原文用法:The rule of three
proportional音标/prəˈpɔːrʃənl/
成比例的。
原文用法:a fourth proportional
saffron音标/ˈsæfrən/
藏红花。
原文用法:1 pound of saffron
shilling音标/ˈʃɪlɪŋ/
先令(旧时英国货币单位)。
原文用法:3 shillings
reckoning音标/ˈrekənɪŋ/
计算,算账。
原文用法:every reckoning master
climax音标/ˈklaɪmæks/
顶点,高潮。
原文用法:the climax of the arithmetic course
multiply音标/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/
乘。
原文用法:multiply the second and third
divide音标/dɪˈvaɪd/
除。
原文用法:divide by the first
同义词与近义词
对应核心词汇:celebrated。
辨析:三者近义,均表"著名的";celebrated 更带"倍受赞誉"色彩,原文"ancient and celebrated rule"强调其历史声望。
对应核心词汇:proportion。
辨析:proportion 指两个比相等的"比例关系",ratio 指两数的"比";原文 a : b = c : x 是 proportion,不宜混用 ratio。
对应核心词汇:multiply、divide
对应核心词汇:multiply / divide。
辨析:两词互为逆运算,multiply(乘)与 divide(除)在法则中连用,表达"相乘再除"的算法。
对应核心词汇:worth。
辨析:worth 表"值……钱",value 可作动词"估价";原文"be worth 3 shillings"用 be worth 固定搭配,而非 value。
对应核心词汇:reckoning
对应核心词汇:reckoning。
辨析:reckoning 偏"算账、核算",带旧时商业味;calculation 更通用,原文"every reckoning master"指旧时的算学先生。
常用短语与固定搭配
- the rule of three:三率法则,固定专有名词短语。原文用法:The rule of three, that ancient and celebrated rule of arithmetic...
- a fourth proportional:第四比例项。原文用法:...to find a fourth proportional.
- by the rule:按照该法则(引出算法步骤)。原文用法:By the rule, multiply the second and third, and divide by the first.
- be worth:值(若干钱)。原文用法:If 1 pound of saffron be worth 3 shillings...
- the arithmetic course:算术课程。原文用法:the climax of the arithmetic course.
- direct proportion:正比例。原文用法:This is precisely a problem in direct proportion.
常用句式
- "so called because it shows how...":之所以这样称呼,是因为它说明了如何……(用于解释名称由来)。
- "If 1 pound of saffron be worth 3 shillings, what are 2 pounds worth?":条件句用 be 型虚拟语气,带有古英语风味;be worth 表示"值(若干钱)"。
- "By the rule, multiply ... and divide by ...":按照该法则,将……相乘,再除以……(祈使句给出算法步骤)。
长难句解析
The rule of three, that ancient and celebrated rule of arithmetic, is so called because it shows how, from three given numbers, to find a fourth proportional.
- 主干:The rule of three ... is so called(主系表)。 - 修饰与从句:that ancient and celebrated rule of arithmetic 为同位语,解释 rule of three;because 引导原因状语从句,其中 how 引导宾语从句 to find a fourth proportional,from three given numbers 为状语。 - 逻辑关系:因果——先点出"三率法则"之名,再以 because 从句说明其得名原因。
语言使用特点
- 多用同位语与插入成分(that ancient and celebrated rule of arithmetic)对专有名词作补充说明,使定义更丰满。
- 采用古雅虚拟语气(be worth, be)与祈使句(multiply ... divide by)分别营造"旧教材"口吻与"算法指令"风格。
- 衔接自然:For centuries... / More generally... / This is precisely... 体现由具体到一般、由现象到本质的论述层次。
迁移练习
- 用英语写出比例式 a : b = c : x,并用三率法则说明如何求 x。
- 模仿"By the rule, multiply ... and divide by ..."的祈使句式,写一句话描述"由单价与数量求总价"的步骤。
- 用 be worth 造一个含价格的英文句子,如 "If 1 meter of cloth be worth 20 yuan, what are 12 meters worth?"
点击展开参考答案
- Write: a : b = c : x, so x = bc / a. By the rule, multiply b and c, and divide by a.
- By the rule, multiply the unit price and the quantity, and divide by one, to get the total price.
- If 1 meter of cloth be worth 20 yuan, what are 12 meters worth? (Answer: 240 yuan.)