内容概述
古希腊语把“算术的”（arithmetic）专指对数之间抽象关系的研究，把“计算的”（logistic）专指用数进行实际运算的技巧；这种分类一直延续到中世纪。15 世纪末，数的理论方面与实践方面才开始合并在同一个“算术”名义下讨论。有趣的是，欧洲大陆至今仍将“arithmetic”保留为古希腊的抽象含义（即数论），而英美日常所说的“arithmetic”却与古希腊的“logistic”同义，抽象研究必须改称“number theory”。此外，今天的“logistic”又转用于符号逻辑，“logistics”则指军事后勤。
中文正文
87° 希腊文里的“算术”
古希腊语区别了数的抽象关系的研究与数的计算的技巧，前者是所谓“算术的”（arithmetic），而后者是“计算的”（logistic）。这种分类一直延续到中世纪，15 世纪末才出现在同一个“算术”的名义下讨论数的理论问题和实践问题。有趣的是，在今天的欧洲大陆，“算术”还保留着古希腊的意义，而在英国和美国，“算术”却跟古代的“计算”同义。在这两个地方，数的抽象研究是以描述性的名词“数论”来称呼的；“logistic”一词指的是符号逻辑，而 logistics 指的是军事的后勤部门，负责军事行动中的运输、驻扎和补给等。
英文正文
87° The Greek meaning of "arithmetic." The ancient Greeks made a distinction between the study of the abstract relationships connecting numbers and the practical art of computing with numbers. The former was known as arithmetic and the latter as logistic. This classification persisted through the Middle Ages until about the close of the fifteenth century, when texts appeared treating both the theoretical and practical aspects of number work under the single name arithmetic. It is interesting that today arithmetic has its original significance in continental Europe, while in England and America the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic, and in these two countries the descriptive term number theory is used to denote the abstract side of number study. In England and America, the word logistic, as a noun, refers to symbolic logic, and the word logistics, as a noun, is that branch of military art embracing the details of transporting, quartering, and supplying troops in military operations.
英语学习拓展
常用词汇
arithmetic音标/əˈrɪθmətɪk/
算术；算术运算。
原文用法：the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic
logistic音标/ləˈdʒɪstɪk/
计算术；逻辑斯蒂。
原文用法：the latter as logistic
abstract音标/ˈæbstrækt/
抽象的。
原文用法：the study of the abstract relationships connecting numbers
relationship音标/rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/
关系。
原文用法：abstract relationships connecting numbers
classification音标/ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
分类。
原文用法：This classification persisted through the Middle Ages
significance音标/sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/
意义；重要性。
原文用法：arithmetic has its original significance in continental Europe
synonymous音标/sɪˈnɒnɪməs/
同义的。
原文用法：the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic
theory of numbers音标/ˈθɪəri əv ˈnʌmbəz/
数论。
原文用法：the abstract study of numbers is called the "theory of numbers"
同义词与近义词
对应核心词汇：arithmetic
对应核心词汇：arithmetic。
辨析：arithmetic 在古希腊和欧洲大陆指抽象数研究，在英美指基础运算；computation 泛指计算；number theory 专指抽象数论。
对应核心词汇：logistic
对应核心词汇：logistic。
辨析：logistic 在古希腊指计算术，今天常用于符号逻辑或数学中的逻辑斯蒂；logistics 则指军事后勤。
常用短语与固定搭配
- make a distinction between ... and ...：区分……与……。原文用法：made a distinction between the study of the abstract relationships ... and the practical art of computing ...
- be known as：被称为。原文用法：The former was known as arithmetic and the latter as logistic.
- persist through：延续；贯穿。原文用法：This classification persisted through the Middle Ages
- be synonymous with：与……同义。原文用法：the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic
- in connection with：与……相关；在……方面。原文用法：used in connection with symbolic logic
常用句式
- The former was known as A and the latter as B.：前者被称为 A，后者被称为 B。原文例句：The former was known as arithmetic and the latter as logistic.
- It is interesting that ...：有趣的是……。原文例句：It is interesting that today arithmetic has its original significance in continental Europe...
长难句解析
It is interesting that today arithmetic has its original significance in continental Europe, while in England and America the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic, and in these two countries the descriptive term number theory is used to denote the abstract side of number study.
- 主干：It is interesting that ...，其中 it 为形式主语，that 引导真正的主语从句。
- 从句结构：that 从句由三个并列分句组成，通过 while 与 and 连接。
- 第一分句：arithmetic has its original significance in continental Europe - 第二分句：in England and America the popular meaning of arithmetic is synonymous with that of ancient logistic - 第三分句：in these two countries the descriptive term number theory is used to denote the abstract side of number study
- 逻辑关系：句子通过欧洲大陆与英美的对比，说明同一术语在不同文化中的语义分化，并引出“数论”这一替代说法。
语言使用特点
- 术语辨析中常用 the former ... the latter 结构，明确区分两类概念。
- 历史叙述中现在时与过去时交错使用，体现古今语义的对比。
- 使用 It is interesting that ... 表达作者对术语分化的评论。
迁移练习
- 用英文解释：为什么欧洲大陆的 arithmetic 与英美的 arithmetic 含义不同？
- 用 The former was known as ... and the latter as ... 结构介绍另外两个古希腊数学术语。
- 翻译句子：在这两个国家，描述性的术语“数论”被用来表示数的研究中抽象的一面。
点击展开参考答案
- In continental Europe, "arithmetic" kept its original Greek meaning of abstract study of numbers, while in England and America it came to mean practical computation, like the Greek "logistic."
- （开放性）示例：The Greeks called the study of shapes geometry, and the study of calculation logistic.
- In these two countries, the descriptive term "number theory" is used to denote the abstract side of number study.