内容概述
开普勒把对五种柏拉图体的神秘敬畏推广到整个行星系统。在他 1596 年出版的《宇宙的秘密》(Mysterium cosmographicum)中,他用当时已知的 6 颗行星的轨道天球与 5 种正多面体依次嵌套:地球轨道外为正十二面体,再外为火星;火星外为正四面体,再外为木星;木星外为立方体,最外为土星;地球轨道内为正二十面体,再内为金星;金星内为正八面体,最内为水星。开普勒相信这就是行星数目与间距的最终原因,他甚至自称是地道的毕达哥拉斯信徒,并说毕达哥拉斯的灵魂也许寄居在他的身体里。
中文正文
开普勒对 5 个柏拉图体的神秘敬畏,超越了它与四种基本“元素”和整个宇宙的关联。在他看来,那 5 个多面体不但解释了行星的数目(那时只知道 5 颗行星),还说明了行星是如何分布在太阳周围的空间的。在 1596 年出版的《宇宙的秘密》(Mysterium cosmographicum)里,开普勒写道:
地球的轨道是一个圆:包围着圆所在的天球的外面是一个正 12 面体;在包围它们的外面是火星轨道。包围火星的是一个正 4 面体;它们的外面是木星轨道。包围木星轨道的是一个立方体;它们的外面是土星轨道。另外,在地球轨道的里面,内接着一个正 20 面体;内接于它的圆是金星轨道。金星轨道内接着一个正 8 面体;内接于它的圆是水星轨道。这就是有那么些行星的理由。
我们看到,开普勒是一个地道的毕达哥拉斯信徒。他甚至还提出,毕达哥拉斯的灵魂说不定就寄居他的身体里。
图注:开普勒 1596 年版《宇宙的秘密》中的行星系统。两个行星天球之间隔着一个正多面体。
英文正文
64° The most extraordinary application of the Platonic solids to a scientific problem. Kepler's mystical awe of the five Platonic solids extended beyond the association of these solids with the four primal “elements” and the enveloping universe. According to Kepler, these five solids accounted for both the number of planets (only five were known in his day) and the way the planets are spaced about the sun. In his Mysterium cosmographicum of 1596, Kepler says:
The orbit of the Earth is a circle: round the sphere to which this circle belongs, describe a dodecahedron; the sphere including this will give the orbit of Mars. Round Mars describe a tetrahedron; the circle including this will be the orbit of Jupiter. Describe a cube round Jupiter's orbit; the circle including this will be the orbit of Saturn. Now inscribe in the Earth's orbit an icosahedron; the circle inscribed in it will be the orbit of Venus. Inscribe an octahedron in the orbit of Venus; the circle inscribed in it will be Mercury's orbit. This is the reason of the number of the planets.
We see that Johannes Kepler was a confirmed Pythagorean. He even once suggested the possibility that the soul of Pythagoras may have taken up residence in his body.
英语学习拓展
常用词汇
dodecahedron音标/ˌdəʊdekəˈhiːdrən/
十二面体。
原文用法:round the sphere to which this circle belongs, describe a dodecahedron
tetrahedron音标/ˌtetrəˈhiːdrən/
四面体。
原文用法:Round Mars describe a tetrahedron
icosahedron音标/ˌaɪkɒsəˈhiːdrən/
二十面体。
原文用法:Now inscribe in the Earth's orbit an icosahedron
octahedron音标/ˌɒktəˈhiːdrən/
八面体。
原文用法:Inscribe an octahedron in the orbit of Venus
cube音标/kjuːb/
立方体。
原文用法:Describe a cube round Jupiter's orbit
orbit音标/ˈɔːbɪt/
轨道。
原文用法:The orbit of the Earth is a circle
inscribe音标/ɪnˈskraɪb/
内接;内切。
原文用法:Now inscribe in the Earth's orbit an icosahedron
describe音标/dɪˈskraɪb/
作(图);画。
原文用法:describe a dodecahedron
solids音标/ˈsɒlɪdz/
立体;固体(复数)。
原文用法:these five solids accounted for both the number of planets
account for:解释;说明。原文用法:these five solids accounted for both the number of planets
同义词与近义词
对应核心词汇:solids
对应核心词汇:solids。
辨析:solids 是更宽泛的“立体/固体”,polyhedra 强调“多面体”;本文用 regular solids 指代正多面体。
常用短语与固定搭配
- the orbit of ...:……的轨道。原文用法:the orbit of the Earth
- round ... describe ...:围绕……作(图)。原文用法:round the sphere ... describe a dodecahedron
- take up residence:居住;寄居。原文用法:the soul of Pythagoras may have taken up residence in his body
常用句式
- S accounts for both A and B:S 既能解释 A 也能解释 B。原文例句:these five solids accounted for both the number of planets and the way the planets are spaced about the sun.
长难句解析
The orbit of the Earth is a circle: round the sphere to which this circle belongs, describe a dodecahedron; the sphere including this will give the orbit of Mars.
- 主干:The orbit of the Earth is a circle。
- 修饰与从句:冒号后是解释说明;to which this circle belongs 为定语从句,修饰 the sphere;including this 为现在分词短语,修饰 the sphere。
- 逻辑关系:先定义地球轨道为圆,再说明围绕该圆所在球面作正十二面体后,下一个包含球面对应火星轨道。
语言使用特点
- 文中大量使用祈使句(describe, inscribe)描述几何作图步骤,这是数学英语说明文体的典型特征。
迁移练习
- 用英文按从外到内的顺序写出开普勒模型中行星与正多面体的对应关系。
- 用 S accounts for both A and B 结构造一个句子,说明某种几何规律。
点击展开参考答案
- Saturn—cube—Jupiter—tetrahedron—Mars—dodecahedron—Earth—icosahedron—Venus—octahedron—Mercury.
- 示例:Newton's law of gravitation accounts for both the falling of apples and the orbits of planets.